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雅思阅读容易忽视的指代词有哪些

时间:2019-03-13 13:32来源:朗阁小编作者:kid

  在雅思阅读考试过程中,定位技巧是一项必备的技能;有针对性地定位关键词能够提高答题效率,并帮助考生准确判定答案所在段落的具体位置,可谓事半功倍。尽管如此,不少考生依然存在定位过程中的困惑;换言之,即使在文章中确定了定位词的方位,却无法通过其所在句子得出答案,从而造成不必要的回读或跳读,且最终与文中的解题信息“擦肩而过”。综上所述,笔者认为问题的“症结”在于考生们忽略了段落中某些不起眼的“小词”---指代词。指代词又称“纽带词”,它们连接了前后句,使句意串联了起来,从而起到了“承上启下”的作用。因此,在找到定位词的前提下,我们不妨关注其前后句中指代词的存在,另辟蹊径将文中的解题信息延伸下去。

  指代词的常见表达形式有it/this/that/these/those/some等。所以,我们来分析一下这些指代词在不同题型中发挥的“纽带”作用。

  A. Completion(填空)

  雅思阅读填空题的形式多样,包括摘要填空、句子填空和表格填空等。考生们通常仅定位到了文中的目标句,但在该句中较难找到正确答案,那么我们需要通过后面句子中的指代词将目标句的内容延伸。

  请参考以下例题:Cambridge 8 Test1 Passage 3

  Flaw

  Positive results could be produced by factors such as 34______or 35______.

  这两题属于表格填空。我们可以将Flaw和Positive results作为定位词,在文中找到大致位置;另外,通过空格前的such as可以判断两题的词性都是名词,且并列关系。

  参考原文:Paragraph 4

  The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument – one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were many other ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' – where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver – to outright fraud.

  分析:定位词可以在段落中轻松找到原词,但positive results所在句子中不能找到一组并列关系的名词;而后面一句的主语these则指代了之前的positive results,所以句意便得到了延伸。通过该句中的词组ranged from...to...,我们就不难发现其中所包含的两个对象sensory leakage和outright fraud属于产生积极结果的因素,即是正确答案。

  B. TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN(判断)

  判断题是雅思阅读中最主流的细节题,段落中的某些细节信息对题干内容的正确与否起到了决定性作用。有些题干中的关键词在文中的表达已经超越了简单的同义替换,需要考生对几句话的内容进行归判断,因此指代词在前后句之间的作用就会更加明显。

  请参考以下例题:Cambridge 8 Test2 Passage 1

  13. Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.

  本题的考点是要求判断在查找错误方面,电脑是否比人类更有优势。我们可以用computers、humans和faults来定位,而better是重点来判断的依据。

  参考原文:Paragraph 7

  Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enablescomputers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.

  分析:题干信息在段落中分布较广,涉及到了2-3句话,其中我们可以定位到原词computer和faults;同时computer的另一种表达方式也在段落中呈现---automated on-line inspection(自动在线检测系统),并且之后的句中由it作为指代。其中,第一个it后说明了faults可以被发现并更正;第二个it后指出了能够使计算机操控刀具切割掉瑕疵部分---flaws,这表明计算机具备了查错改错的功能。本题另一个难点是humans在文中被替换成了unaided eye(肉眼),后面的unable to see告诉我们人眼无法看到瑕疵,所以计算机更具优势。本题答案是TRUE。

  C. Matching Features(长短配对)

  长短配对是雅思阅读题型中一道风味独特的“菜”,题干和选项信息会有长短变化,通常建议考生利用“短信息”去文中定位,初步确定段落中的答题范围。然而,我们会发现有时定位词所在的句中并不存在明显的可匹配信息,所以考生们需要利用该句中的某个指代词,从前后句进行二次确认。

  请参考以下例题:Cambridge 6 Test1 Passage 1

  Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they

  A. are currently exclusively used by Australians

  B. will be used in the future by Australians

  C. are currently used by both Australians and their rivals

  Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8–11 on your answer sheet.

  8. Cameras

  本题要求匹配照相机设备的不同使用情况;除了快速在段落中定位到cameras之外,我们还要关注选项间的共性(Australians)和差异(currently/exclusively/future/rivals)。

  参考原文:Paragraph C

  ...Mason's contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (SWimming ANalysis) systemnow used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analysed individually – stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.

  分析:段落中存在原词digital cameras所在的句子,那么我们可以仔细看后面的内容是否满足的选项中的某个特征。然而,直到本段结束我们都未发现这些特征,所以大家不妨来利用句首主语it,指代词给出的信号便是前句和后句的内容相呼应。显然,前句出现了Australian和now(替换currently),但句中有干扰词competitions(可以表示rivals),多数同学会误以为存在竞争对手;注意中间的national(本国的)表示这个设备依然在澳大利亚本国比赛中使用,本题答案是A。

  D. Matching Information(细节配对)

  段落信息配对是雅思阅读最棘手的题型,其考点灵活多变,关键信息会隐藏在某个段落的任何位置,甚至是题干中的一两个单词在段落中的替换考察,因此考生在答题时间控制方面表现欠佳。一般来说,我们建议同学们优先完成本篇中的其他细节题,并务必将每道题在段落中的出处尽可能多地标注出来,最后在完成此类配对题时,便能利用细节信息的回忆和段落中的答题痕迹,辅助完成信息匹配。细节决定效率,指代词的作用依然不可忽视。

  请参考以下例题:Cambridge 11 Test3 Passage 3

  31. mention of different focuses of books about mathematics

  本篇文章的主题词是mathematics,所以我们可以将题干中的different focuses(不同的聚焦点)作为重点内容,到某段中找到相应信息。

  参考原文:Paragraph B

  ...I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more importantly, the reasoning behind them. In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public. Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Others describe important applications of mathematics. Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.

  分析:我们可以在B段前几句找到题干中的已知信息books,并说明了这本书与市面上大部分数学书不同。紧接着的句子给出了大部分数学书所涉及的内容,我们可以通过不同的指代词some、others来确定这些信息就是指most books,且分别是最后三句话的主语,即这些数学书的三个不同侧重点,与题干中的different focuses替换。B段是本题信息所在的段落。

  E. Multiple Choice(选择)

  单选题是中国考生最熟悉的题型了,从高考到四六级,再到考研等,我们对选择题可以说是“知己知彼”,所以就会存在一个普遍的误区---凭借以往的解题经验答题。然而,雅思阅读单选题并非仅凭某一句话就能得出答案,这颠覆了我们以往的经验;相反,它要求我们通过上下文,甚至通段来理解;难怪不少学生会抓狂几乎四个选项段落中都涉及到一些。接下来,让我们看一下指代词是如何有助于答题时事半功倍。

  请参考以下例题:Cambridge 12 Test8 Passage 2

  14. What point does the writer make about large predators in the third paragraph?

  A. Their presence can increase biodiversity.

  B. They may cause damage to local ecosystems.

  C. Their behaviour can alter according to the environment.

  D. They should be reintroduced only to areas where they were native.

  本题的考点在于第三段作者对large predators(大型猎食动物)的看法,所以定位没有太大难度。我们可以把重点放在large predators所在的句中。

  参考原文:Paragraph 3

  ...One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them. Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life.

  分析:第三段后半部分某一句提到大型猎食动物对生态系统的意义重大,但并未具体说明有何意义。如果我们耐心读后文内容,便不难发现指代词some of them,即有些猎食动物,能够drive dynamic processes(促进充满活力的活动)并对整个食物链产生影响。另外,末句的killers也指代这些猎食动物,能带来生机。这些都表明了一个积极的信号,所以就对应了A选项中的正面信息increase biodiversity(增加生物多样性)。

  请再看一例:Cambridge 12 Test8 Passage 2

  18. According to the author, what distinguishes rewilding from other environmental campaigns?

  A. Its objective is more achievable.

  B. Its supporters are more articulate.

  C. Its positive message is more appealing.

  D. It is based on sounder scientific principles.

  本题提出了一个对比,即rewilding(放归)和environmental campaigns(环保活动)间的区别,所以distinguish是我们在题干中要重点关注的词。

  参考原文:Paragraph 6

  Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. One of the reasons why the enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading so quickly in Britain is that it helps to create a more inspiring vision than the green movement's usual promise of 'Follow us and the world will be slightly less awful than it would otherwise have been.'

  分析:第六段整段介绍了rewilding(放归活动)的特点。首先,该活动的参与者会表明自己所支持的事物,这仅仅告诉我们其传递了正能量;其次又提到了该活动在英国很受欢迎,这些只是一个笼统的概念,并非对比。此时,就需要考生能更细心地发现句中用的指代词it,将其与rewilding联系起来,再通过后面的比较级形式a more inspiring vision than(一个比...更鼓舞人心的愿景),符合了题干中的distinguish,该信息符合C选项中的positive、more appealing(更吸引人)。

  总之,不管是否涉及到解题信息,同学们可以在刷题备考或精读文章时多留心句中的指代词,并培养自己准确找到指代对象的能力。这些指代词虽然“相貌平平”,却有助于我们在答题迷茫时“曲线救国”,学会善于利用这种“纽带关系”,相信有效信息便会在不远处豁然开朗。

(责任编辑:jasmine)

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